A Guide to Kernel Exploitation: Attacking the Core by Enrico Perla B.Sc. Computer Science University of Torino
By Enrico Perla B.Sc. Computer Science University of Torino M.Sc. Computer Science Trinity College Dublin, Massimiliano Oldani
A advisor to Kernel Exploitation: Attacking the center discusses the theoretical strategies and ways had to strengthen trustworthy and potent kernel-level exploits, and applies them to assorted working platforms, specifically, UNIX derivatives, Mac OS X, and home windows. innovations and strategies are offered categorically in order that even if a particularly distinct vulnerability has been patched, the foundational details supplied may also help hackers in writing a more recent, larger assault; or support pen testers, auditors, etc boost a extra concrete layout and protecting constitution.
The ebook is geared up into 4 components. half I introduces the kernel and units out the theoretical foundation on which to construct the remainder of the booklet. half II makes a speciality of various working structures and describes exploits for them that concentrate on a number of computer virus sessions. half III on distant kernel exploitation analyzes the consequences of the distant situation and provides new thoughts to focus on distant concerns. It contains a step by step research of the improvement of a competent, one-shot, distant make the most for a true vulnerabilitya malicious program affecting the SCTP subsystem present in the Linux kernel. eventually, half IV wraps up the research on kernel exploitation and appears at what the long run could hold.
- Covers quite a number working procedure households ― UNIX derivatives, Mac OS X, Windows
- Details universal eventualities similar to common reminiscence corruption (stack overflow, heap overflow, etc.) matters, logical insects and race conditions
- Delivers the reader from user-land exploitation to the realm of kernel-land (OS) exploits/attacks, with a specific specialize in the stairs that bring about the construction of winning concepts, in an effort to provide to the reader anything greater than only a set of tricks
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Extra resources for A Guide to Kernel Exploitation: Attacking the Core
Example text
As an example, 29 30 CHAPTER 2 A Taxonomy of Kernel Vulnerabilities take a look at the following code (taken from a vulnerable path that affected the OpenSolaris kernel;6 the code is condensed here to improve readability): static int64_t kaioc(long a0, long a1, long a2, long a3, long a4, long a5) { […] switch ((int)a0 & ~AIO_POLL_BIT) { […] case AIOSUSPEND: error = aiosuspend((void *)a1, (int)a2, (timespec_t *)a3, (int)a4, &rval, AIO_64); break; […] [1] /*ARGSUSED*/ static int aiosuspend(void *aiocb, int nent, struct timespec *timout, int flag, long *rval, int run_mode) { […] size_t ssize; […] aiop = curproc->p_aio; if (aiop == NULL || nent <= 0) [2] return (EINVAL); if (model == DATAMODEL_NATIVE) ssize = (sizeof (aiocb_t *) * nent); else ssize = (sizeof (caddr32_t) * nent); […] cbplist = kmem_alloc(ssize, KM_NOSLEEP) if (cbplist == NULL) return (ENOMEM); if (copyin(aiocb, cbplist, ssize)) { error = EFAULT; goto done; } […] if (aiop->aio_doneq) { if (model == DATAMODEL_NATIVE) ucbp = (aiocb_t **)cbplist; else ucbp32 = (caddr32_t *)cbplist; […] for (i = 0; i < nent; i++) { if (model == DATAMODEL_NATIVE) { if ((cbp = *ucbp++) == NULL) [3] [4] [5] Integer Issues In the preceding code, kaioc() is a system call of the OpenSolaris kernel that a user can call without any specific privileges to manage asynchronous I/O.
While the pointer is uninitialized, its value is whatever value resides in the memory assigned to hold the pointer variable. People already familiar with writing exploits (or who have an exploit-oriented mindset) might be wondering if it is possible to predict the value of that memory and use it to their advantage. The answer is yes, in many cases it is (or, at least, it is possible to have an idea of the range). For instance, consider a pointer declared as a local variable, as shown in the following code.
This is just a starting point for what the software should do, but where should you put this power? Which entity should have such a degree of control and influence over all the other applications? The answer is: the kernel. WHY DOESN’T MY USER-LAND EXPLOIT WORK ANYMORE? ), and they have found that the kernel has been one of the most effective places in which to implement those countermeasures. com) for the Linux kernel, or the security enhancements in, for example, OpenBSD (W^X, Address Space Layout Randomization [ASLR]) or Windows (data execution prevention, ASLR), to get an idea how high the barrier has been raised for user-land exploit developers.